Monday, May 28, 2012

8 Very specific questions about Endocrine System & Hormones

8 Very specific questions about Endocrine System & Hormones?
I think I know most of these answers but I am worried that they are going to reappear next week as essay test questions and wonder if I couldn't put the answers a little better, please review my answers at the bottom after reading my questions. ---the questions---- 1.In the first half of the 20th Century, thyroid endemic goiters were much more common than today. This reduction is thought to be the product of the government’s mandate that iodine should be added to common table salt. Describe why and how this would reduce the number of cases of thyroid goiters. 2.In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, recent research suggests that the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed by the patient’s own immune system. Describe how this would result in the symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus. 3.In detail, describe why the hormones insulin and glucagon can be described as having an antagonistic relationship. 4.A new drug being tested by the FDA has been found to impair the ability of the liver to produce and store cholesterol. In terms of the endocrine system, what would happen to a patient who is taking this drug? 5.Explain the difference between the means by which a hydrophobic hormone and a hydrophilic hormone interact with a target cell. 6.Describe what is meant when an organ is referred to as a mixed gland. Provide three examples of this in the human body and for each, identify the “mixed” functions of the organ. 7.Explain how FSH and Testosterone together can stimulate normal rates of spermatogenesis, while neither of these hormones can do so alone. 8.When a woman is in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, what phase is occurring in the ovarian cycle and how are the two related? What occurs in the uterine cycle when the ovarian cycle has reached the end of the luteal phase? Why? ------My answers------ 1. W/o Iodine the thyroid cannot synthesize TH. w/o TH the pituitary receives no feedback & acts as if the thyroid were under stimulated. It produces extra TSH which stimulates hypertrophy of the thyroid gland. 2. When 80-90% of beta cells are destroyed and insulin is low the level of glucagon is elevated. It is the high ratio of glucagon to insulin that causes the signs. 3. insulin eats blood sugar? I don't know how to properly describe this one 4? 5 Hydrophilic must bind to a second messenger to enter cell whereas hydrophobic has the ability to pass through membranes 6 When they use the term "mixed" do they mean that interchangeably with accessory? Like the brain, heart, small intestine, bones, and adipose tissue all have more primary function yet they also secrete various hormones or do they mean something else by the term "mixed"? 7&8 (a little help would be appreciated)
Biology - 1 Answers
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1, and 2 looks okay 3. Insulin signals cells to take in sugar from blood, thereby lower blood sugar. Glucagon signals liver to turn glycogen to glucose and release to blood, thereby increase blood sugar. They function in opposite ways therefore they are antagonistic. 4. I would suspect that there will be a increase of steroid (hydrophobic hormones) production because cholesterol is the raw material. More specifically, I believe DHEA (precursor to sex hormones) because other systemic steroids are tightly regulated. 5. Hydrophilic Hormone does not enter the cell, rather, it binds to receptor on cell membrane and activate secondary messenger system in the cell. Hydrophobic Hormone need carrier protein to travel in blood and as you said they can just pass through cell membrane. 6. Mix gland is a gland that have both endocrine and exocrine function. Examples would be Pancreas, Stomach and Liver. What you suggested are not glands except for small intestine, but i am less clear on its exocrine function. 7. Testosterone is essential for both mitosis and meiosis of the germ cell. FSH has to do with production of ABP, androgen bind protein. which bind to Testosterone in Sertoli cell. Testosterone binded with ABP is essential for sperm maturation (not just Testosterone alone). 8. Secretory Phase = Luteal Phase. Secretory Phase is characterized by hormone secretion. Luteal Phase is characterized by corpus luteum, which primary function is to secrete hormone. At the end of luteal phase, the endometrium, or the lining of uterus begin to thin and menstrual phase begins. This is due to the 'dying' of corpus luteum, because corpus luteam can no longer produce enough hormone to sustain the endometrium.






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Thursday, May 24, 2012

Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets- Case Study

Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets- Case Study?
A 21-year old brother of a person with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus experienced increased urination and thirst for 6 weeks, along with a 15 pound weight losss, despitre a normal appetite. Fearing that these symptoms meant he also had developed diabetes mellitus, he did not seek medical attention promptly. However, when he developed nausea and vomiting for 48 hours, followed by a stuporous state, his college roommate insisted on taking him to the emergency room. There, he was found to ne semi-coherent and his mucous membranes and skin were dry. Blood pressure was 84/52 and pulse rate was 120 bpm. He was breathig deeply at a rate of 30 respirations per minute. The remainder of the examination was within normal limits. A urine sample contained a glucose concentration of 5% and tested strongly positive for acetoacetic acid. Plasma glucose was 800 mg/dl. Sodium was 132 mEq/L, bicarbonate was 5 mEq/l. chloride was 104 mEq/L and potassium was 5.8 mEq/L. Blood pH was 7.1, Pco2 was 17 mmHg and PO2 was 95 mmHg. Blood urea nitrogen was 28 mg/dl and plasma creatinine was 1.4 mg/dl. On treatment with insulin, intravenous fluids and potassium, the patient's clinical and biochemical status was restored to normal in 24 hours. 1.What is the cause if this pateint's very high plasma glucose level? 2.What are the mechanisms that elevated plasma glucose? 3.What has replaced bicarbonate in the patient's plasma, and by what mechanism? 4.Why is the blood pressure low and the pulse rate high? 5.What contributed to the pateint's weight loss?
Biology - 1 Answers
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he has had an attack of diabeticketoacidosi, an acute complication of diabetes mellitus.. for the rest of the answers go through ur text book..




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Sunday, May 20, 2012

Does Insulin Resistance or too much insulin in the bloodstream make you fat

Does Insulin Resistance or too much insulin in the bloodstream make you fat?
I'm going to be doing some blood tests to see why I'm thirsty and peeing all the time. In the meantime, the doctor told me to read up on Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus and even Psychogenic Polydipsia. I'm 46 and have always been very active. I lift weights and run about 25 - 30 miles per week. I've been experiencing CRAZY thirst since July and I've also noticed that I've been getting fat around the middle. My diet hasn't changed (if anything, sometimes I don't think I eat enough). No one in my family has diabetes, although I have an autoimmune thyroid disease. I suppose that the belly fat can also be attributed to middle-age spread, but I'm not overweight. I don't know yet if I have some type of diabetes, but I'm wondering if the belly fat, in addition to the increased thirst and the frequent peeing points to a diabetes diagnosis? PS It didn't occur to me to mention the belly fat to my new doctor when I saw him a week ago. I guess I'll mention it when I see him for the blood test results. I'd sure appreaciate some comments from anyone who's experienced something similar. Thanks!! I should also add that I've been having leg pain/muscle cramps which I also didn't mention to the doctor because I just assumed they were musculoskeletal related (maybe running related). Sorry to be so long-winded.
Diabetes - 1 Answers
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For info on Diabetes go to Blood Sugar 101. http://www.phlaunt.com/diabetes/index.php Insulin resistance causes weight gain.Weight gain, fat storage, difficulty losing weight – for most people, excess weight is from high fat storage; the fat in IR is generally stored in and around abdominal organs in both males and females. It is currently suspected that hormone production in that fat are a precipitating cause of insulin resistance Primary polydipsia or psychogenic polydipsia is a special form of polydipsia. It is usually associated with a patient's increasing fluid intake due to the sensation of having a dry mouth. When the term "psychogenic polydipsia" is used, it implies that the condition is caused by mental disorders. However, the dry mouth is often due to phenothiazine medications used in some mental disorders, rather than the underlying condition.Psychogenic polydipsia is a type of polydypsia described in patients with mental illnesses and/or the developmentally disabled. It is present in a subset of people with schizophrenia. These patients, most often with a long history of illness, exhibit enlarged ventricles and shrunken cortex on MRI, making the physiological mechanism difficult to isolate from the psychogenic. It is a serious disorder and often leads to institutionalization as it can be very difficult to manage outside the inpatient setting. It should be taken very seriously - it can be life threatening as serum sodium is diluted to an extent that seizures and cardiac arrest can occur. Patients have been known to seek fluids from any source possible. Leg muscle cramps, particularly at night, is a classic sign of undiagnosed diabetes. You could also buy a Glucometer at walmart for $20 and test yourself for Diabetes. Diabetes Insipidus is divided into four types, each of which has a different cause and must be treated differently. The most common type of DI is caused by a lack of vasopressin, a hormone that normally acts upon the kidney to reduce urine output by increasing the concentration of the urine. Take care Tin





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Wednesday, May 16, 2012

Please help! genetic engineering

Please help! genetic engineering?
What advantages would insulin produced by genetic engineering (called Humulin) have over preparations from animal sources in the treatment of human diabetes mellitus?
Engineering - 1 Answers
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there aren't any






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Saturday, May 12, 2012

Answer me...please

Answer me...please?
What is the difference between No. 1 diabetes mellitus and No. 2
Diabetes - 2 Answers
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Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. This is where the body's own defences [defenses, if you're American] set out to destroy what it sees as an invading force ... in this case, it's the beta cells within the pancreas that produce insulin. Because the body needs insulin to survive, this means that a type 1 diabetic must inject it. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, meaning that glucose (sugar) that's in the bloodstream can't be transported into the cells for use to make energy. In fact, because the body's cells are resistant to the effects of insulin, the pancreas may actually be producing more than would be 'normal'. There are different types of medication to treat type 2 diabetics. Firstly, there are tablets that stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin. Secondly, there are talbets that allow the body's cells to become less resistant to the effects of insulin. Unfortunately, due to the effects of the pancreas over-producing insulin for so long, the pancreas becomes 'tired' and starts to slow down insulin production. This often leads to type 2 diabetics having to take insulin to supplement what they still produce. Don't let anyone tell you that one type is worse than the other as that is NOT true. Also, you don't progress from type 2 to type 1, as I've seen someone write on here. The risks of developing complications for both type 1 and type 2 diabetics is increased if blood sugar levels are allowed to stay consistently high. The dangers are that diabetics can have a multitude of complications which can be anything from loss of limbs, to kidney failure, blindness, heart attacks and strokes, nerve ending damage and others. If you are diabetic, or suspect that you are, arrange an appointment with your doctor. The sooner your blood sugar levels are brought back into a range of 'normal' (4-7 mmol/l/72-126 mg/dL), the less chance there is of developing complications. Best of luck to you.
2 :
Type 1 is often called juvenile diabetes because it is usually detected in children and young adults. The pancreas does not produce any insulin, so the person has to take insulin injections every day, usually at least 3 times daily. Type 2 diabetes can be one of two things. The pancreas makes lots and lots of insulin because the body does not use it properly. (insulin resistance) Or... the pancreas does not make enough insulin. This type can be treated with oral medication, insulin, or both. It can sometimes be controlled by diet and exercise for many years. Usually later in life though, it requires medication. Diabetes type 2 is usually diagnosed at age 35 or older, although, it can be found in those a lot younger.






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Tuesday, May 8, 2012

Amino Acid Modification in Proteins

Amino Acid Modification in Proteins!!?
Someone PLEASE explain to me how a failure to modify an amino acid or amino acids in a protein or proteins may be involved in a patient with Non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus??
Chemistry - 1 Answers
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Mathews? I've been looking for the same; if i find anything i'll let you know





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Friday, May 4, 2012

True/False Metabolism Question

True/False Metabolism Question?
Even moderate obesity is considered as a risk factor for such diseases as hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease •True •False The ingestion of food can raise the metabolic rate. •True •False Glycogen production decreases blood sugar levels. •True •False
Biology - 3 Answers
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True, True and False
2 :
All three should be true. Obesity is a risk factor for MANY things. Food intake increases metabolism in many cells throughout the digestive tract. Glycogen is stored sugars which are taken from the blood stream.
3 :
True True False.






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Tuesday, May 1, 2012

Health Question

Health Question?
A massively obese (5'3", 275 pounds), 55-year-old, sexually active woman, nulligravida (no pregnancies), presented to her gynecologist because of vaginal spotting for 1 year. Her medical history includes non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and medically controlled hypertension, both diagnosed at age 43. Her gynecologic history included: menarche , age 11; coitarche, age 20; lifetime sexual partners, 2; 6 menses/year until age 51 when she became menopausal and her menstrual periods stopped. An endometrial biopsy yielded abundant tissue. Following the biopsy, the patient was lost o follow-up for 8 years. She is now brought to the ER after fainting at home. Her hemoglobin is 5 g/dL. Endometrial biopsy is repeated, followed by a simple hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy IS SHE DIAGNOSED WITH ANY DISEASE OR VIRUS? any info helps
Women's Health - 1 Answers
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no i dont think so






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