Medicine - 4 Answers
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1 :
Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by persistent variable hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), resulting either from inadequate biosynthesis, secretion or action of the hormone insulin, an inadequate response by the body's cells to insulin, or a combination of these factors. The most common forms of diabetes are type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes.[1] Type 1 (10% of cases) is due to destruction of the islets of Langerhans, which produce insulin; it can only be treated with insulin injections. In type 2 (90% of cases) the main problem is decreased sensitivity of the body's cells to insulin, known as insulin resistance, although insulin production is often affected in the later stages; as well as diet and exercise, treatment usually is with tablets, or eventually with insulin injections. Gestational diabetes may develop during pregnancy and is similar to type 2 in its mechanism; it may affect fetal health and 40% of women with gestational diabetes develop type 2 diabetes later on in life. Since the discovery of insulin (1921) diabetes has been a treatable but chronic condition, and the main risks to health are its characteristic long-term complications. These include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure (it is the main cause for dialysis in developed world adults), retinal damage which can lead to blindness and is the most significant cause of adult blindness in the non-elderly in the developed world, nerve damage, erectile dysfunction (impotence), to gangrene with risk of amputation of toes, feet, and even legs. The complications are less common and less severe in people who have well-controlled blood sugar levels.[2] [3] In fact, the better the control, the lower the risk of complications. Hence patient education, understanding and participation is vital. Healthcare professionals who treat diabetes also address other health problems that may accelerate the deleterious effects of diabetes. These include smoking (abstain), elevated cholesterol levels (control with diet, exercise or medication), obesity (even modest weight loss can be beneficial), high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise can cause further complications. Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. It denotes inability of the kidney to concentrate urine. DI is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone, or by an insensitivity of the kidneys to that hormone.
2 :
Well, this was answered but copying an article, but to simplify, diabetes mellitus, often called "sugar" diabetes, is caused by a problem with the pancreas, and diabetes insipidus is caused by a hormone problem with the pituitary gland. Diabetes insipidous may be associated with certain diseases, including viral menigitis or may be a primary pituitary problem. The pituitary gland is also called the "master gland" of the body and secreted several hormones. One of them is used to regulate how much urine is produced and in diabetes insipidus, the regulation breaks down and lots of water is lost. This can be rapidly fatal if not treated. Diabetes mellitus (mellitus means "honey" and in ancient times was diagnosed by tasting the urine and finding it sweet) has two main types, Type I when either no insulin or too little insulin is produced and the body cannot metabolize sugars and starches. This is sometimes called "juvenile" diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM). Type II is an inability to properly use the insulin your pancreas makes. It used to be called "adult onset" but is unfortunately now seen in obese children, even toddlers. It may be managed with diet and/or medication, but some may also need insulin injections. The medical term is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). These are two entirely different diseases with different causes and treatments. There is also gestational diabetes, which is Type II-like diabetes that happens during a pregnancy. Hope that clears it up.
3 :
Basically, they both are diseases with symptoms of excessive urination. However, the difference is in the cause: diabetes mellitus is caused by too much sugar in the blood, while d. insipidus is caused by hormonal dysfunction. Fun Fact: diabetes mellitus was first distinguished by the "sweet tasting" urine. In fact, "mellitus" means "sweet" and "diabetes" means "urine."
4 :
Diabetes mellitus is well described by ppl here. Diabetes insipidus is an inappropriate increase in urine volume output. That is even though the body has low fluid levels, there is an increase in urine ouput. This is due to : 1. No ADH is secreted from the pituitary gland. ADH is anti diuretic hormone aka AVP. 2. ADH has no receptors to act on in the renal tubules. Normally ADH acts on receptors on the Late distal tubule and cortical collectig ducts to increase reabsorption from urine to conserve fluids. Diabetes mellitus and insipidus can cause increase urine output but they are totally different.
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