(1)how do i elaborate on the insulin levels, and (2)how does ketoacidosis complicate matters and what does it lead to and (3)what is the biochemical reaction if sugar is not available for use in the cell membrane?
Diabetes - 1 Answers
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(1) Insulin levels are controlled by a closed feedback loop in the pancreas, and the amount of insulin released is proportional to the amount of sugar in/around in the body. Insulin allows glucose to enter the cells of the body. When a person has diabetes mellitus, the insulin producing alpha cells of the pancreas are attacked by the immune system, and insulin is no longer produced. (3) Normally, glucose enters the body, and enters the glycolytic pathway, then the krebs cycle. The GTP, NADH, and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle enter the electron transport chain to produce ATP to fuel the cell. The Krebs cycle requires a certain component, oxaloacetate, to be able to continue processing. When no sugar is avaliable in the cell, fat molecules are broken down, and Krebs cycle intermediates are used to regenerate sugar molecules. In the mean time, fat molecules are broken down into acetyl-CoA, which bonds to oxaloacetate to become citrate. If oxaloacetate gets low, acetyl CoA levels increase in the cell, and protein break down starts to regenerate Krebs cycle intermediates. This can be somewhat sucessful, but is usually pretty much useless. Acetyl CoA reacts with itself in a series of aldol condensations, and eventually forms 4 ketone molecules, including acetone. These make the body acidic, leading to Ketoacidosis... (2) Ketones make the body acidic, which can have a series of effects. First, it increases the rate of respiration in an attempt to decrease the blood pH. It can also affect the kidney in 2 ways: potassium is exchanged for H+ ions in the kidney, while potassium is exchanged for sodium (sodium is probably absorbed at high rates, because the sugar levels are so high). This can lead to heart arrhythmia. The acidosis can cause exhaustion, and dulled thinking. It can also cause nausea. ... Does this help?
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